Constitutional and administrative law
Constitutional and administrative
laws govern the affairs of the state. Constitutional lawconcerns both the relationships between the executive, legislature and judiciary and the humanrights or civil liberties of individuals against the state. Most jurisdictions, like the United Statesand France, have a single codified
constitution, with a Bill of Rights. A few, like the UnitedKingdom, have no such document; in those jurisdictions the constitution is composed of statute,case law and convention.The fundamental constitutional
principle, inspired by John Locke, is that the individualcan do anything but that which is forbidden by law, and the state may do nothing but that whichis authorized by law.Administrative law is the chief method for people to hold state bodies to account. Peoplecan apply for judicial review of actions or decisions by local councils, public services orgovernment ministries, to ensure that they comply with the law. The first specialistadministrative court was the Conseil dEtat set up in 1799, as Napoleon assumed power in France.
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